As a symbol of solidarity, the iconic black and white Keffiyeh provides comfort and community for Palestinians and Arabs across the globe. But where did it come from? The Keffiyeh also known as, kufiya, ghutrah, shemagh, hatta or chafiyeh has thousands of years worth of historical significance.
Who invented keffiyeh?
Dating back to Sumerian priests of Mesopotamia in 3100 BCE, a version of the keffiyeh was worn to distinguish honour and rank in society. The actual word ‘keffiyeh’ has its origins in the ‘Kufa’ area of Iraq and means “from the city of Kufa''. Over the years it spread across the Middle East with each country proudly wearing a pattern and style distinct to their region.
Prior to the 1930s however, the keffiyeh was worn by travelling Bedouin tribes and Palestinian farmers year-round as protection against the sun and sand storms
Traditionally this squared scarf is seen in Red and Black. The red keffiyeh is native to many areas in the Southern Arabian Peninsula, and remains a popular cultural symbol in Jordan, Iraq and the Gulf regions. It serves both practical and symbolic purposes – and was historically worn by bedouins as it represents the colours of the red Arabian deserts and black.
Reasons for the popularity of the Palestinian Keffiyeh
The traditional black and white keffiyeh gained popularity amongst Palestinian rebels and protests during the British Mandate of Palestine and especially during the 1936-1939 Arab Revolt. It was wrapped around the face by the rebels to hide their identity to avoid arrest. This caused the British authorities to ban the keffiyeh. Banning yet another form of Palestinian identity did not take over well with its population, so as an act of resistance all Palestinians started wearing it to make it harder to identify the rebels from the general population.
The keffiyeh as a symbol of Palestinian solidarity was cemented in the 1960s. Former President of Palestine Yasser Arafat became an icon with his distinct style of wearing the scarf in every public appearance. His keffiyeh was always carefully positioned on his head, with the longer end of the fabric placed over his right shoulder – it was laid out to resemble a map of pre -1948 Palestine. In the 1970s, iconic photographs of Leila Khaled, member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), showed her wearing the keffiyeh in a headscarf style, marking the rise in popularity of the scarf among Palestinian women as a symbol of unity.
Echoing the solidarity of The Arab Revolt, the keffiyeh was worn as a sign of allegiance again during the First Intifada (1987) and Second Intifada (2000). Palestinian youth would wear the scarf around their neck, a shift largely influenced by the fact that a full face covering made for an easy target for Zionist soldiers.Today the Keffiyeh continues to be worn to show solidarity with the Palestinian cause in the West and neighbouring Middle Eastern countries.
Palestinian keffiyeh factory
The black and white chequered scarf has been adopted as the unofficial Palestinian flag. Sadly, there is only one keffiyeh factory still operating in Palestine – the Hirbawi factory in Hebron – a stark difference to only 30 years ago where there were over 30. KUVRD family owns & operates The Golden Textile Factory, which established itself as the first operating keffiyeh factory in Jordan. With Palestinian origins, the Bulbul family proudly helped pioneer the keffiyeh industry as well as the beginning of a widespread movement of Palestinian solidarity outside of Palestine.
The Keffiyeh's Global Influence
Beyond its significance in the Middle East, the Keffiyeh has gained international recognition as a symbol of solidarity and resistance. Its adoption by activists and individuals around the world has transformed it into a global emblem of support for the Palestinian cause and the broader fight against oppression.
In the late 20th century, the Keffiyeh found its way onto the streets of Western cities, worn by activists and advocates for Palestinian rights. International supporters recognized that donning the Keffiyeh was not just a fashion statement but a powerful way to express their solidarity with the Palestinian struggle for justice and self-determination. This global trend brought the Keffiyeh into the mainstream, making it a recognizable symbol even among those who may not fully grasp its historical and cultural significance.
Fashion and Cultural Impact
In recent years, the Keffiyeh has also made its mark in the fashion world. Renowned designers and brands have incorporated Keffiyeh-inspired patterns and styles into their collections. This fusion of traditional attire with contemporary fashion has sparked conversations about cultural appropriation and the importance of acknowledging the Keffiyeh's roots.
The rise of the Keffiyeh in fashion has presented both opportunities and challenges. While it has introduced the symbol to a wider audience and encouraged dialogue about its origins, it has also raised concerns about commercialization and commodification. Critics argue that turning the Keffiyeh into a fashion accessory risks diluting its powerful message of resistance and solidarity. It's essential to approach the use of the Keffiyeh in fashion with sensitivity and respect for its cultural significance.
Challenges to the Keffiyeh Tradition
Despite its enduring symbolism, the Keffiyeh faces challenges in the modern world. One of the most significant obstacles is the decline of traditional Keffiyeh production in Palestine. The Hirbawi factory in Hebron, the last remaining Keffiyeh factory in the region, struggles to maintain its operations due to various economic and political factors. The scarcity of local production threatens the authenticity and availability of this iconic symbol.
Additionally, there have been instances of counterfeit Keffiyehs flooding the market, further undermining the genuine article's cultural and economic value. The proliferation of knockoff products not only misrepresents the Keffiyeh but also harms local artisans and producers who depend on its production.
Who can wear keffiyeh?
The keffiyeh, a traditional Middle Eastern headdress, is not restricted to any particular group or gender when it comes to who can wear it. It is a symbol of cultural heritage and identity for many in the Middle East, but its appeal has transcended borders. In recent years, it has become a global fashion accessory, worn by people from diverse backgrounds who appreciate its aesthetic or want to show solidarity with the Palestinian cause.
However, it's crucial to approach wearing the keffiyeh with respect for its cultural significance, and understanding the history it represents. Ultimately, the keffiyeh is a symbol of unity, and it can be embraced by anyone who does so with an appreciation for its rich heritage and a commitment to promoting understanding and peace.
Preserving the Keffiyeh Tradition
Efforts are underway to safeguard the Keffiyeh tradition and support the artisans who create these symbolic scarves. Initiatives aimed at reviving local production and promoting authentic Keffiyehs are gaining traction. Supporting these endeavours is crucial to ensure that the Keffiyeh continues to be a genuine representation of Palestinian heritage and resistance.
The international community can also play a role in preserving the Keffiyeh tradition. By choosing to purchase authentic Keffiyehs from reputable sources and advocating for fair trade practices, individuals can contribute to the sustainability of this cultural symbol. Supporting Palestinian artisans and cooperatives can help them maintain their livelihoods and ensure the Keffiyeh remains a symbol of resilience for generations to come.
Palestinian Keffiyeh is a timeless symbol of unity and resistance
In conclusion, the Keffiyeh is not merely a piece of fabric; it is a timeless symbol of unity and resistance that has transcended geographical boundaries and generations. From its ancient origins to its pivotal role in the Palestinian struggle for liberation, the Keffiyeh embodies the resilience and determination of its wearers.
As the keffiyeh scarf continues to evolve and adapt in response to changing times, it remains a potent emblem of solidarity with the Palestinian cause and the broader fight against oppression. Its global recognition and adoption by activists and fashion enthusiasts alike serve as a testament to its enduring relevance.
While challenges persist, efforts to preserve the Keffiyeh tradition and support local artisans are essential to ensure that this iconic symbol remains true to its roots and continues to inspire and unite people worldwide. The Keffiyeh is not just a piece of cloth; it is a symbol of hope, resistance, and the unwavering spirit of those who strive for justice and freedom.
